T. Michael Law says, “You don’t need Jesus reading the BHS* for your faith you survive.” In other words, when we study that state of the canon of the Hebrew Bible at the time of Jesus it appears to remain in flux, not fully established, and this shouldn’t bother you. Law has written a full post on this topic that is worth your time which you can access by clicking the above link.
As you are likely aware this blog has been the hub for a blog tour of T. Michael Law’s When God Spoke Greek: The Septuagint and the Making of the Christian Bible. This book will challenge readers to rethink the role of the Septuagint in early Christianity and early Judaism, as well as our ideas about canon formation and standard authoritative versions of a text. Among those who participated in our blog tour the reviewer whose post seems to have most sparked the question of canonization is Andrew King’s, so you’ll want to read his review as well if you have the time. Don’t forget that today Jessica Parks will be reviewing two very important chapters dealing with the use of the Septuagint in the New Testament and the formation of the Old Testament canon. If you have a KINDLE you may want to consider buying it from AMAZON.COM right now, since it is down to $10! If you’ve missed our reviews thus far see the full schedule here:
Full Schedule:
JOEL WATTS (Sunday, July 21st, http://unsettledchristianity.com/)
1 Why this Book?
2 When the World Became Greek
ANDREW KING (Tuesday, July 23rd, http://blogofthetwelve.wordpress.com/)
3 Was There a Bible before the Bible?
4 The First Bible Translators
KRISTA DALTON (Thursday, July 25th, http://kristadalton.com/blog/)
5 Gog and his Not-so-Merry Grasshoppers
6 Bird Droppings, Stoned Elephants, and Exploding Dragons
ABRAM K-J (Saturday, July 27th, http://abramkj.com/)
7 E Pluribus Unum
8 The Septuagint behind the New Testament
JESSICA PARKS (Monday, July 29th, http://facingthejabberwock.wordpress.com/)
9 The Septuagint in the New Testament
10 The New Old Testament
AMANDA MacINNIS (Wednesday, July 31st, http://cheesewearingtheology.com/)
11 God’s Word for the Church
12 The Man of Steel and the Man who Worshipped the Sun
JAMES McGRATH (Friday, August 2nd, http://www.patheos.com/blogs/exploringourmatrix/)
13 The Man with the Burning Hand vs. the Man with the Honeyed Sword
14 A Postscript
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* BHS = Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (the standard Masoretic Text with text-critical notes)
the archives near Emmaus 
On a textual basis, James C. VanderKam argues that at the time of the Dead Sea Scroll community there were at least 3 pro-canonized traditions roughly matching the Mesoretic tradition, the Septuagint tradition, and the Samaritan Pentateuch (except without the obvious anti-Jerusalem, pro-Mount Gerizim references).
Futhermore, the Dead-Sea Scroll community commentaries, dealt with some of these differences, providing insight.
VanderKam’s arguments are compelling. I see no reason to doubt them, so it’s unlikely the Hebrew Bible was canonized at the time of Jesus since there is textual evidence of at least 3 extant traditions.
That said, that doesn’t mean that Jesus and/or his disciples, or the synagogues of the day didn’t have preferences for one tradition over another. For example, based upon Jesus’ quotes, he never apparently quotes the Samaritan Pentateuch tradition frequently quotes the LXX tradition …
Infer what you will.
The problem with most traditional Christians talking about Judaism ‘back then’ was illustrated in the recent Pharisee thread. Judaism could be basically a straw man, it was whatever one wanted it to have been. Speak of the Essenes, Sadducees, the fourth philosophy? Only when I needed to!
Sidnie White Crawford has written much on what she called the ‘fluid bible’, with one of her works titled as such. Fascinating works. This is a very interesting thread, one that has been pursued before but not enough. There are enough of SWC’s articles online for you or commenters to read which easily can be seen to really add to this topic.